War of 1812 Overview

The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and Great Britain from 1812 to 1815. It was rooted in ongoing tensions related to trade restrictions, naval practices, and British interference in American expansion.

Although the United States was a young nation, it sought to remain neutral during Britain’s ongoing war with France. However, British policies increasingly violated American sovereignty and economic interests.

Causes of the War

Britain attempted to block American trade with France by enforcing naval blockades. The British Royal Navy also seized American merchant ships and impressed thousands of American sailors, forcing them to serve in the British navy.

At the same time, Britain supported Native American resistance to U.S. westward expansion. American leaders viewed this support as a direct threat to national security. Together, these actions pushed the United States toward war.

The Start of the War

On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war on Great Britain. American forces launched an invasion of British-held Canada, but the campaign failed. Early in the war, British troops captured Detroit, marking a major setback for the United States.

By 1813, American forces began to recover, winning key engagements and weakening British and allied Native American resistance in the Northwest.

Burning of Washington, D.C.

In August 1814, British forces attacked Washington, D.C. They captured the city and burned several important buildings, including the White House and the Capitol.

Despite this blow, American morale remained strong, and the attack did not end the war.

American Victories

Later in 1814, the United States won significant victories. At the Battle of Baltimore, American forces successfully defended Fort McHenry, inspiring the poem that became the U.S. national anthem.

The most famous American victory occurred at the Battle of New Orleans in early 1815, where U.S. forces decisively defeated a British army. Although the battle took place after peace negotiations had begun, it became a powerful symbol of American resilience.

Results of the War

The war ended with the Treaty of Ghent, signed in December 1814. The treaty restored relations between the United States and Great Britain without changing borders.

While neither side gained territory, the war confirmed American independence and strengthened national identity. For this reason, it is sometimes called the Second War of Independence.